2 See local area augmentation system.
5 See local area augmentation system.
7 In communication, a difficulty which arises because words have different meanings for the source and the receiver of information due to their differing backgrounds.
2 The delay that occurs before an instrument needle attains a stable indication.
5 The delay that occurs before an instrument needle attains a stable indication.
2 A coastal breeze flowing from land to sea caused by temperature differences when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land. The land breeze usually occurs at night and alternates with the sea breeze that blows in the opposite direction by day.
2 Land without delay at the nearest suitable area, such as an open field, at which a safe approach and landing is assured.
5 ATC instruction to pilot. Land without delay at the nearest suitable area, such as an open field, at which a safe approach and landing is assured.
2 The landing site and duration of flight are at the discretion of the pilot. Extended flight beyond the nearest approved landing area is not recommended.
5 ATC instruction to pilot. The landing site and duration of flight are at the discretion of the pilot. Extended flight beyond the nearest approved landing area is not recommended.
2 The urgency of the landing is paramount. The primary consideration is to ensure the survival of the occupants. Landing in trees, water, or other unsafe areas should be considered only as a last resort.
5 ATC instruction to pilot. The urgency of the landing is paramount. The primary consideration is to ensure the survival of the occupants. Landing in trees, water, or other unsafe areas should be considered only as a last resort.
4 ICAO defines LDA as the length of runway, that is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing.
12 The decrease with height of an atmospheric variable, usually referring to temperature, but can also apply to pressure or density.
1 An imaginary line passing through the center of gravity of an airplane and extending across the airplane from wingtip to wingtip.
2 An imaginary line passing through the center of gravity of an airplane and extending across the airplane from wingtip to wingtip.
12 An imaginary straight line drawn perpendicularly (laterally) across the fuselage and through the center of gravity. Pitch movement occurs around the lateral axis, and is controlled by the elevator.
1 The stability about the longitudinal axis of an aircraft. Rolling stability or the ability of an airplane to return to level flight due to a disturbance that causes one of the wings to drop.
2 The stability about the longitudinal axis of an aircraft. Rolling stability or the ability of an airplane to return to level flight due to a disturbance that causes one of the wings to drop.
2 Measurement north or south of the equator in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Lines of latitude are also referred to as parallels.
2 See localizer-type directional aid.
5 See localizer-type directional aid.
1 A commonly used secondary cell having lead as its negative plate and lead peroxide as its positive plate. Sulfuric acid and water serve as the electrolyte.
7 In the guided discussion method, a question used by an instructor to open up an area for discussion and get the discussion started.
2 The radial at which the turn from the DME arc to the inbound course is started.
5 The radial at which the turn from the DME arc to the inbound course is started.
2 The part of an airfoil that meets the airflow first.
1 High lift devices which are found on the leading edge of the airfoil. The most common types are fixed slots, movable slats, and leading edge flaps.
2 High lift devices which are found on the leading edge of the airfoil. The most common types are fixed slots, movable slats, and leading edge flaps.
1 A portion of the leading edge of an airplane wing that folds downward to increase the camber, lift, and drag of the wing. The leading-edge flaps are extended for takeoffs and landings to increase the amount of aerodynamic lift that is produced at any
2 A portion of the leading edge of an airplane wing that folds downward to increase the camber, lift, and drag of the wing. The leading-edge flaps are extended for takeoffs and landings to increase the amount of aerodynamic lift that is produced at any
1 The part of an airfoil that meets the airflow first.
2 A physical sensation caused by an abrupt correction of a banked attitude entered too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system in the inner ear. The abrupt correction can create the illusion of banking in the opposite direction.
5 A physical sensation caused by an abrupt correction of a banked attitude entered too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system in the inner ear. The abrupt correction can create the illusion of banking in the opposite direction.
7 A change in behavior as a result of experience.
7 A learning phenomenon where progress appears to cease or slow down for a significant period of time before once again increasing.
7 Preferred way(s) by which people learn. Common learning styles include visual, auditory, and kinesthetic, or tactile (hands on). Learning skills can be loosely grouped into physical and cognitive styles.
7 A body of principles advocated by psychologists and educators to explain how people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes.
12 Smooth, lens-shaped clouds marking mountain-wave crests. They may extend the entire length of the mountain range producing the wave and are also called wave clouds or lennies by glider pilots.
1 The empty weight that consists of the airframe, engine(s), unusable fuel, and undrainable oil plus standard and optional equipment as specified in the equipment list. Some manufacturers used this term prior to GAMA standardization.
2 The empty weight that consists of the airframe, engine(s), unusable fuel, and undrainable oil plus standard and optional equipment as specified in the equipment list. Some manufacturers used this term prior to GAMA standardization.
7 An educational presentation usually delivered by an instructor to a group of learners with the use of instructional aids and training devices. Lectures are useful for the presentation of new material, summarizing ideas, and showing relationships between theory and practice.
7 An organized outline for a single instructional period. It is a necessary guide for the instructor in that it tells what to do, in what order to do it, and what procedure to use in teaching the material of a lesson.
2 A component of the total aerodynamic force on an airfoil and acts perpendicular to the relative wind.
5 A component of the total aerodynamic force on an airfoil and acts perpendicular to the relative wind.
12 Produced by the dynamic effects of the airstream acting on the wing, lift opposes the downward force of weight.
1 A coefficient representing the lift of a given airfoil. Lift coefficient is obtained by dividing the lift by the free-stream dynamic pressure and the representative area under consideration.
1 One of the four main forces acting on an aircraft. On a fixed-wing aircraft, an upward force created by the effect of airflow as it passes over and under the wing.
1 The efficiency of an airfoil section. It is the ratio of the coefficient of lift to the coefficient of drag for any given angle of attack.
1 The act of becoming airborne as a result of the wings lifting the airplane off the ground, or the pilot rotating the nose up, increasing the angle of attack to start a climb.
12 The maximum load, expressed as multiples of positive and negative G (force of gravity), that an aircraft can sustain before structural damage becomes possible. The load limit varies from aircraft to aircraft.
1 Amount of stress, or load factor, that an aircraft can withstand before structural damage or failure occurs.
2 Amount of stress, or load factor, that an aircraft can withstand before structural damage or failure occurs.
2 Invisible lines of magnetic force passing between the poles of a magnet.
5 Invisible lines of magnetic force passing between the poles of a magnet.
7 On a website, an external web location that can be accessed by merely clicking on words identifying the new site. They are usually identified by a different color type, underlining, or a button (picture or icon) indicating access to a new site.
2 See low or medium frequency.
5 See low or medium frequency.
2 See locator middle marker.
5 See locator middle marker.
1 The ratio of the load supported by the airplane’s wings to the actual weight of the aircraft and its contents. Also referred to as G-loading.
2 The ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertial forces, or ground or water reactions.
5 The ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertial forces, or ground or water reactions.
12 The ratio of the load supported by the glider’s wings to the actual weight of the aircraft and its contents.
2 A type of ammeter installed between the generator output and the main bus in an aircraft electrical system.
5 A type of ammeter installed between the generator output and the main bus in an aircraft electrical system.
2 See localizer.
5 See localizer.
2 A differential global positioning system (DGPS) that improves the accuracy of the system by determining position error from the GPS satellites, then transmitting the error, or corrective factors, to the airborne GPS receiver.
4 LAAS further increases the accuracy of GPS and improves signal integrity warnings.
5 A differential global positioning system (DGPS) that improves the accuracy of the system by determining position error from the GPS satellites, then transmitting the error, or corrective factors, to the airborne GPS receiver.
2 The portion of an ILS that gives left/right guidance information down the centerline of the instrument runway for final approach.
5 The portion of an ILS that gives left/right guidance information down the centerline of the instrument runway for final approach.
2 A NAVAID used for nonprecision instrument approaches with utility and accuracy comparable to a localizer but which is not a part of a complete ILS and is not aligned with the runway. Some LDAs are equipped with a glideslope.
5 A NAVAID used for nonprecision instrument approaches with utility and accuracy comparable to a localizer but which is not a part of a complete ILS and is not aligned with the runway. Some LDAs are equipped with a glide slope.
4 LPV is one of the four lines of approach minimums found on an RNAV (GPS) approach chart. Lateral guidance accuracy is equivalent to a localizer. The HAT is published as a DA since it uses an electronic glide path that is not dependent on any ground equipment or barometric aiding and may be as low as 200 feet and 1⁄2 SM visibility depending on the airport terrain and infrastructure. WAAS avionics approved for LPV is required. Baro-VNAV is not authorized to fly the LPV line of minimums on a RNAV (
2 Nondirectional radio beacon (NDB) compass locator, collocated with a middle marker (MM).
5 Nondirectional radio beacon (NDB) compass locator, collocated with a middle marker (MM).
2 NDB compass locator, collocated with an outer marker (OM).
5 NDB compass locator, collocated with an outer marker (OM).
2 See locator outer marker.
5 See locator outer marker.
2 Measurement east or west of the Prime Meridian in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The Prime Meridian is 0° longitude and runs through Greenwich, England. Lines of longitude are also referred to as meridians.
1 An imaginary line through an aircraft from nose to tail, passing through its center of gravity. The longitudinal axis is also called the roll axis of the aircraft. Movement of the ailerons rotates an airplane about its longitudinal axis.
2 An imaginary line through an aircraft from nose to tail, passing through its center of gravity. The longitudinal axis is also called the roll axis of the aircraft. Movement of the ailerons rotates an airplane about its longitudinal axis.
12 An imaginary straight line running through the fuselage from nose to tail. Roll movement occurs around the longitudinal axis, and is controlled by the ailerons.
1 Stability about the lateral axis. A desirable characteristic of an airplane whereby it tends to return to its trimmed angle of attack after displacement.
2 Stability about the lateral axis. A desirable characteristic of an airplane whereby it tends to return to its trimmed angle of attack after displacement.
7 The portion of the brain that stores information that has been determined to be of sufficient value to be retained. In order for it to be retained in long-term memory, it must have been processed or coded in the working memory.
5 An electronic navigational system by which hyperbolic lines of position are determined by measuring the difference in the time of reception of synchronized pulse signals from two fixed transmitters. LORAN A operates in the 1750 to 1950 kHz frequency band. LORAN C and D operate in the 100 to 110 kHz frequency band.
5 See long range navigation.
4 An occurrence or operation that results in less than prescribed separation between aircraft, or between an aircraft and a vehicle, pedestrian, or object.
2 A frequency range between 190 and 535 kHz with the medium frequency above 300 kHz. Generally associated with nondirectional beacons transmitting a continuous carrier with either a 400 or 1,020 Hz modulation.
5 A frequency range between 190–535 kHz with the medium frequency above 300 kHz. Generally associated with nondirectional beacons transmitting a continuous carrier with either a 400 or 1,020 Hz modulation.
4 See Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance.
2 The reference line used in a magnetic compass or heading indicator.
5 The reference line used in a magnetic compass or heading indicator.