1 Critical engine failure speed or takeoff decision speed. It is the speed at which the pilot is to continue the takeoff in the event of an engine failure or other serious emergency. At speeds less than V1, it is considered safer to stop the aircraft w
1 takeoff safety speed, or a referenced airspeed obtained after lift-off at which the required one engine-inoperative climb performance can be achieved.
1 The design maneuvering speed. This is the “rough air” speed and the maximum speed for abrupt maneuvers. If during flight, rough air or severe turbulence is encountered, reduce the airspeed to maneuvering speed or less to minimize stress on the airpla
7 The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
1 A condition in which air enters the fuel system and it may be difficult, or impossible, to restart the engine. Vapor lock may occur as a result of running a fuel tank completely dry, allowing air to enter the fuel system. On fuel-injected engines, th
2 A problem that mostly affects gasoline-fuelled internal combustion engines. It occurs when the liquid fuel changes state from liquid to gas while still in the fuel delivery system. This disrupts the operation of the fuel pump, causing loss of feed pr
5 Compass error caused by the difference in the physical locations of the magnetic north pole and the geographic north pole.
12 Sensitive rate of climb or descent indicator that measures static pressure between the static ports and an external capacity. Variometers can be mechanical or electrical and can be compensated to eliminate unrealistic indications of lift and sink due to rapid speed changes.
2 See visual approach slope indicator.
5 See visual approach slope indicator.
7 A form of computer-based technology that creates a sensory experience allowing a participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from a real one. VR uses graphics with animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of real-life experience.
1 The flight director displays on the attitude indicator that provide control guidance to the pilot.
2 See visual descent point.
5 See visual descent point.
1 A force vector is a graphic representation of a force and shows both the magnitude and direction of the force.
2 A force vector is a graphic representation of a force and shows both the magnitude and direction of the force.
2 Navigational guidance by assigning headings.
5 Navigational guidance by assigning headings.
2 Calibrated airspeed at which the critical engine of a multi-engine aircraft is assumed to fail.
1 The speed or rate of movement in a certain direction.
2 The speed or rate of movement in a certain direction.
2 A specially shaped tube attached to the outside of an aircraft to produce suction to allow proper operation of gyro instruments.
5 A specially shaped tube attached to the outside of an aircraft to produce suction to allow proper operation of gyro instruments.
1 An imaginary line passing vertically through the center of gravity of an aircraft. The vertical axis is called the z-axis or the yaw axis.
2 An imaginary line passing vertically through the center of gravity of an aircraft. The vertical axis is called the z-axis or the yaw axis.
12 An imaginary straight line drawn through the center of gravity and perpendicular to the lateral and longitudinal axes. Yaw movement occurs around the vertical axis and is controlled by the rudder.
1 A magnetic compass that consists of an azimuth on a vertical card, resembling a heading indicator with a fixed miniature airplane to accurately present the heading of the aircraft. The design uses eddy current damping to minimize lead and lag during
2 A magnetic compass that consists of an azimuth on a vertical card, resembling a heading indicator with a fixed miniature airplane to accurately present the heading of the aircraft. The design uses eddy current damping to minimize lead and lag during
1 An instrument that uses static pressure to display a rate of climb or descent in feet per minute. The VSI can also sometimes be called a vertical velocity indicator (VVI).
2 A rate-of-pressure change instrument that gives an indication of any deviation from a constant pressure level.
5 A rate-of-pressure change instrument that gives an indication of any deviation from a constant pressure level.
4 Traditionally, the only way to get glidepath information during an approach was to use a ground-based NAVAID, but modern area navigation systems allow flight crews to display an internally generated descent path that allows a constant rate descent to minimums during approaches that would otherwise include multiple level-offs.
4 Included within certain STARs is information provided to help you reduce the amount of low altitude flying time for high performance aircraft, like jets and turboprops. An expected altitude is given for a key fix along the route. By knowing an intermediate altitude in advance when flying a high performance aircraft, you can plan the power or thrust settings and aircraft configurations that result in the most efficient descent, in terms of time, fuel requirements, and engine wear.
1 Stability about an aircraft’s vertical axis. Also called yawing or directional stability.
2 Stability about an aircraft’s vertical axis. Also called yawing or directional stability.
2 A band of radio frequencies falling between 30 and 300 MHz.
5 A band of radio frequencies falling between 30 and 300 MHz.
2 Electronic navigation equipment in which the flight deck instrument identifies the radial or line from the VOR station, measured in degrees clockwise from magnetic north, along which the aircraft is located.
5 Electronic navigation equipment in which the flight deck instrument identifies the radial or line from the VOR station, measured in degrees clockwise from magnetic north, along which the aircraft is located.
2 The central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear, or the parts of the membranous labyrinth that it contains.
5 The central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear, or the parts of the membranous labyrinth that it contains.
1 The maximum speed with the flaps extended. The upper limit of the white arc.
2 The maximum speed with the flaps extended. The upper limit of the white arc.
1 The maximum speed that the flaps can be extended or retracted.
2 See visual flight rules.
5 See visual flight rules.
2 A TC authorization for an IFR aircraft to operate in VFR conditions at any appropriate VFR altitude.
5 A TC authorization for an IFR aircraft to operate in VFR conditions at any appropriate VFR altitude.
2 A VFR operation in which an aircraft operates in VFR conditions on top of an undercast.
5 A VFR operation in which an aircraft operates in VFR conditions on top of an undercast.
1 Depict Class B airspace which provides for the control or segregation of all the aircraft within the Class B airspace. The chart depicts topographic information and aeronautical information which includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports
2 At a scale of 1:250,000, a chart that depicts Class B airspace, which provides for the control or segregation of all the aircraft within the Class B airspace. The chart depicts topographic information and aeronautical information including visual and
1 A chart that relates velocity to load factor. It is valid only for a specific weight, configuration, and altitude and shows the maximum amount of positive or negative lift the airplane is capable of generating at a given speed. Also shows the safe lo
2 A chart that relates velocity to load factor. It is valid only for a specific weight, configuration and altitude and shows the maximum amount of positive or negative lift the airplane is capable of generating at a given speed. Also shows the safe loa
2 Airways based on a centerline that extends from one VOR or VORTAC navigation aid or intersection, to another navigation aid (or through several navigation aids or intersections); used to establish a known route for en route procedures between termina
5 Airways based on a centerline that extends from one VOR or VORTAC navigation aid or intersection, to another navigation aid (or through several navigation aids or intersections); used to establish a known route for en route procedures between terminal areas.
4 A visual approach is an ATC authorization for an aircraft on an IFR flight plan to proceed visually to the airport of intended landing; it is not an IAP. Also, there is no missed approach segment. When it is operationally beneficial, ATC may authorize pilots to conduct a visual approach to the airport in lieu of the published IAP. A visual approach can be initiated by a pilot or the controller.
1 The most common visual glidepath system in use. The VASI provides obstruction clearance within 10° of the extended runway centerline, and to 4 nautical miles (NM) from the runway threshold.
2 A visual aid of lights arranged to provide descent guidance information during the approach to the runway. A pilot on the correct glideslope will see red lights over white lights.
5 Avisualaidof lights arranged to provide descent guidance information during the approach to the runway. A pilot on the correct glide slope will see red lights over white lights.
4 An option to allow an aircraft to climb over the airport with visual reference to obstacles to attain a suitable altitude from which to proceed with an IFR departure.
2 A defined point on the final approach course of a nonprecision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the runway environment is clearly visible to the pilot.
5 A defined point on the final approach course of a nonprecision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the runway environment is clearly visible to the pilot.
1 Code of Federal Regulations that govern the procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions.
2 Flight rules adopted by the FAA governing aircraft flight using visual references. VFR operations specify the amount of ceiling and the visibility the pilot must have in order to operate according to these rules. When the weather conditions are such
5 Flight rules adopted by the FAA governing aircraft flight using visual references. VFR operations specify the amount of ceiling and the visibility the pilot must have in order to operate according to these rules. When the weather conditions are such that the pilot can not operate according to VFR, he or she must use instrument flight rules (IFR).
2 Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling meeting or exceeding the minimums specified for VFR.
12 Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than a specified minimum. VMC represents minimum conditions for safe flight using visual reference for navigation and traffic separation. Ceilings and visibility below VMC constitutes instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).
1 Landing gear extended speed. The maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.
2 Landing gear extended speed. The maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.
1 Landing gear operating speed. The maximum speed for extending or retracting the landing gear if using an airplane equipped with retractable landing gear.
2 Landing gear operating speed. The maximum speed for extending or retracting the landing gear if using an airplane equipped with retractable landing gear.
1 Lift-off speed. The speed at which the aircraft departs the runway during takeoff.
1 Minimum control airspeed. This is the minimum flight speed at which a twin-engine airplane can be satisfactorily controlled when an engine suddenly becomes inoperative and the remaining engine is at takeoff power.
2 Minimum control airspeed. This is the minimum flight speed at which a light, twin-engine airplane can be satisfactorily controlled when an engine suddenly becomes inoperative and the remaining engine is at takeoff power.
5 Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling meeting or exceeding the minimums specified for VFR.
2 See visual meteorological conditions.
5 See visual meteorological conditions.
1 Minimum drag speed.
1 Maximum operating speed expressed in knots.
1 Never-exceed speed. Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may result in damage or structural failure. The red line on the airspeed indicator.
2 The never-exceed speed. Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may result in damage or structural failure. The red line on the airspeed indicator.
1 Maximum structural cruising speed. Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air. The upper limit of the green arc.
2 The maximum structural cruising speed. Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air. The upper limit of the green arc.
2 See very-high frequency omnidirectional range.
5 See very-high frequency omnidirectional range.
2 A facility consisting of two components, VOR and TACAN, which provides three individual services: VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance (DME) at one site.
5 A facility consisting of two components, VOR and TACAN, which provides three individual services: VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance (DME) at one site.
2 A ground facility which emits a test signal to check VOR receiver accuracy. Some VOTs are available to the user while airborne, while others are limited to ground use only.
5 A ground facility which emits a test signal to check VOR receiver accuracy. Some VOTs are available to the user while airborne, while others are limited to ground use only.
2 See VOR test facility.
5 See VOR test facility.
1 Minimum dynamic hydroplaning speed. The minimum speed required to start dynamic hydroplaning.
1 Rotation speed. The speed that the pilot begins rotating the aircraft prior to lift-off.
2 See vertical speed indicator.
5 See vertical speed indicator.
1 Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration. In small airplanes, this is the power-off stall speed at the maximum landing weight in the landing configuration (gear and flaps down). The lower limit of the white arc.
2 The stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration. In small airplanes, this is the power-off stall speed at the maximum landing weight in the landing configuration (gear and flaps down). The lower limit of the white a
1 Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a specified configuration. For most airplanes, this is the power-off stall speed at the maximum takeoff weight in the clean configuration (gear up, if retractable, and flaps up). The lower
2 The stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a specified configuration. For most airplanes, this is the power-off stall speed at the maximum takeoff weight in the clean configuration (gear up, if retractable, and flaps up). The l
1 Designated speeds for a specific flight condition.
1 Safe, intentional one-engine inoperative speed. The minimum speed to intentionally render the critical engine inoperative.
1 A design which utilizes two slanted tail surfaces to perform the same functions as the surfaces of a conventional elevator and rudder configuration. The fixed surfaces act as both horizontal and vertical stabilizers.
2 A design which utilizes two slanted tail surfaces to perform the same functions as the surfaces of a conventional elevator and rudder configuration. The fixed surfaces act as both horizontal and vertical stabilizers.
12 A type of glider with two tail surfaces mounted to form a V. V-tails combine elevator and rudder movements.
1 Best angle-of-climb speed. The airspeed at which an airplane gains the greatest amount of altitude in a given distance. It is used during a short-field takeoff to clear an obstacle.
2 Best angle-of-climb speed. The airspeed at which an airplane gains the greatest amount of altitude in a given distance. It is used during a short-field takeoff to clear an obstacle.
1 Best angle of climb speed with one engine inoperative. The airspeed at which an airplane gains the greatest amount of altitude in a given distance in a light, twin-engine airplane following an engine failure.
1 Best rate-of-climb speed. This airspeed provides the most altitude gain in a given period of time.
2 Best rate-of-climb speed. This airspeed provides the most altitude gain in a given period of time.
1 Best rate-of-climb speed with one engine inoperative. This airspeed provides the most altitude gain in a given period of time in a light, twin-engine airplane following an engine failure.
2 Best rate-of-climb speed with one engine inoperative. This airspeed provides the most altitude gain in a given period of time in a light, twin-engine airplane following an engine failure.