2 See selective availability.
2 A corona discharge which lights up the aircraft surface areas where maximum static discharge occurs.
5 A corona discharge which lights up the aircraft surface areas where maximum static discharge occurs.
1 An electrical switch mounted on one of the landing gear struts. It is used to sense when the weight of the aircraft is on the wheels.
12 A glider used for traveling long distances and remaining aloft for extended periods of time.
2 Data broadcast by the GPS satellite containing very accurate orbital data for that satellite, atmospheric propagation data, and satellite clock error data.
5 Data broadcast by the GPS satellite containing very accurate orbital data for that satellite, atmospheric propagation data, and satellite clock error data.
12 The rate of temperature decrease with height of saturated air. Unlike the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR), the SALR is not a constant numerical value but varies with temperature.
1 A procedure used by the pilot to visually identify all resources of information in flight.
2 The first fundamental skill of instrument flight, also known as “cross-check;” the continuous and logical observation of instruments for attitude and performance information.
5 The first fundamental skill of instrument flight, also known as “cross-check;” the continuous and logical observation of instruments for attitude and performance information.
7 Training method that uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment.
2 See simplified directional facility.
5 See simplified directional facility.
2 A coastal breeze blowing from sea to land caused by the temperature difference when the land surface is warmer than the sea surface. The sea breeze usually occurs during the day and alternates with the land breeze that blows in the opposite direction
1 A reference height used to determine standard atmospheric conditions and altitude measurements.
2 A reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible only at sea level.
2 Designed for visual navigation of slow- or medium-speed aircraft. Topographic information on these charts features the portrayal of relief, and a judicious selection of visual check points for VFR flight. Aeronautical information includes visual and
1 A visual ground based structure to provide traffic pattern information.
7 Test items requiring the learner to choose from two or more alternatives provided. True-false, matching, and multiple choice type questions are examples of selection type test items.
2 A satellite technology permitting the Department of Defense (DOD) to create, in the interest of national security, a significant clock and ephemeris error in the satellites, resulting in a navigation error.
5 A satellite technology permitting the Department of Defense (DOD) to create, in the interest of national security, a significant clock and ephemeris error in the satellites, resulting in a navigation error.
7 A perception factor that ties together how people feel about themselves with how well they receive experiences.
12 A glider equipped with an engine, allowing it to be launched under its own power. When the engine is shut down, a self-launching glider displays the same characteristics as a non-powered glider.
2 An inner ear organ that detects angular acceleration of the body.
5 An inner ear organ that detects angular acceleration of the body.
2 A fuselage design that includes a substructure of bulkheads and/or formers, along with stringers, to support flight loads and stresses imposed on the fuselage.
2 A form of multipointer pneumatic altimeter with an adjustable barometric scale that allows the reference pressure to be set to any desired level.
5 A form of multipointer pneumatic altimeter with an adjustable barometric scale that allows the reference pressure to be set to any desired level.
7 That portion of the brain which receives input from the five senses. The individual’s preconceived concept of what is important determines how the register prioritizes the information for passing it on to the rest of the brain for action.
1 The maximum density altitude where the best rate-of-climb airspeed will produce a 100 feet-per-minute climb at maximum weight while in a clean configuration with maximum continuous power.
2 The maximum density altitude where the best rate-of-climb airspeed will produce a 100-feet-per-minute climb at maximum weight while in a clean configuration with maximum continuous power.
2 A motor or other form of actuator which receives a small signal from the control device and exerts a large force to accomplish the desired work.
1 An auxiliary control mounted on a primary control surface, which automatically moves in the direction opposite the primary control to provide an aerodynamic assist in the movement of the control.
2 An auxiliary control mounted on a primary control surface, which automatically moves in the direction opposite the primary control to provide an aerodynamic assist in the movement of the control.
1 Turboshaft engines are rated in shaft horsepower and calculated by use of a dynamometer device. Shaft horsepower is exhaust thrust converted to a rotating shaft.
1 A compression wave formed when a body moves through the air at a speed greater than the speed of sound.
12 A descent with one wing lowered and the glider’s longitudinal axis at an angle to the flightpath. A slip is used to steepen the approach path without increasing the airspeed, or to make the glider move sideways through the air, counteracting the drift resulting from a crosswind.
1 A slip in which the airplane’s longitudinal axis remains parallel to the original flightpath, but the airplane no longer flies straight ahead. Instead, the horizontal component of wing lift forces the airplane to move sideways toward the low wing.
12 A slip in which the glider’s longitudinal axis remains parallel to the original flightpath but in which the flightpath changes direction according to the steepness of the bank.
2 See standard instrument departure procedures.
5 See standard instrument departure procedures.
2 The acronym for Significant Meteorological information. A weather advisory in abbreviated plain language concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of potentially hazardous en route weather phenomena that may affect the safety of aircraft opera
5 The acronym for Significant Meteorological information. A weather advisory issued concerning weather significant to the safety of all aircraft.
2 An indication of signal strength received compared to background noise, which is a measure of the adequacy of the received signal.
5 An indication of signal strength received compared to background noise, which is a measure of how adequate the received signal is.
2 Presents four panels showing forecast significant weather.
2 Transmission and reception on the same frequency.
5 Transmission and reception on the same frequency.
2 A NAVAID used for nonprecision instrument approaches. The final approach course is similar to that of an ILS localizer; however, the SDF course may be offset from the runway, generally not more than 3°, and the course may be wider than the localizer,
5 A NA V AID used for nonprecision instrument approaches. The final approach course is similar to that of an ILS localizer; however, the SDF course may be offset from the runway, generally not more than 3°, and the course may be wider than the localizer, resulting in a lower degree of accuracy.
1 The altitude that a twin engine airplane can no longer climb with one engine inoperative.
1 The altitude that a twin engine airplane can no longer climb at a rate greater than 50 fpm with one engine inoperative.
2 The ability for a pilot to manage all resources effectively to ensure the outcome of the flight is successful.
5 The ability for crew or pilot to manage all resources effectively to ensure the outcome of the flight is successful.
7 The art/science of managing all the resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.
7 Internet addresses which provide information and often are linked to other similar sites
2 Pilot knowledge of where the aircraft is in regard to location, air traffic control, weather, regulations, aircraft status, and other factors that may affect flight.
5 Pilot knowledge of where the aircraft is in regard to location, air traffic control, weather, regulations, aircraft status, and other factors that may affect flight.
7 The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.
1 A condition where the tail of the airplane follows a path outside the path of the nose during a turn.
2 An uncoordinated turn in which the rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank, pulling the aircraft to the outside of the turn.
5 An uncoordinated turn in which the rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank, pulling the aircraft to the outside of the turn.
2 The procedural, psychomotor, and perceptual skills used to control a specific aircraft or its systems. They are the airmanship abilities that are gained through conventional training, are perfected, and become almost automatic through experience.
7 The procedural, psychomotor, and perceptual skills used to control a specific aircraft or its systems. They are the stick and rudder or airmanship abilities that are gained through conventional training, are perfected, and become almost automatic through experience.
7 Knowledge reflected in motor or manual skills and in cognitive or mental skills that manifests itself in the doing of something.
2 Drag generated between air molecules and the solid surface of the aircraft.
5 Drag generated between air molecules and the solid surface of the aircraft.
1 An intentional maneuver to decrease airspeed or increase rate of descent, and to compensate for a crosswind on landing. A slip can also be unintentional when the pilot fails to maintain the aircraft in coordinated flight.
2 The horizontal distance from the aircraft antenna to the ground station, due to line-of-sight transmission of the DME signal.
5 The horizontal distance from the aircraft antenna to the ground station, due to line-of-sight transmission of the DME signal.
2 A system whereby the heading gyro is “slaved to,” or continuously corrected to bring its direction readings into agreement with a remotely located magnetic direction sensing device (usually a flux valve or flux gate compass).
5 A system whereby the heading gyro is “slaved to,” or continuously corrected to bring its direction readings into agreement with a remotely located magnetic direction sensing device (usually this is a flux valve or flux gate compass).
2 An uncoordinated turn in which the aircraft is banked too much for the rate of turn, so the horizontal lift component is greater than the centrifugal force, pulling the aircraft toward the inside of the turn.
5 An uncoordinated turn in which the aircraft is banked too much for the rate of turn, so the horizontal lift component is greater than the centrifugal force, pulling the aircraft toward the inside of the turn.
2 An airplane of 12,500 pounds or less maximum certificated takeoff weight.
5 An airplane of 12,500 pounds or less maximum certificated takeoff weight.
2 The misperception of being in a nose-up or nose-down attitude, caused by a rapid acceleration or deceleration while in flight situations that lack visual reference.
5 The misperception of being in a nose-up or nose-down attitude, caused by a rapid acceleration or deceleration while in flight situations that lack visual reference.
7 In communication, the sender, speaker, transmitter, or instructor who composes and transmits a message made up of symbols which are meaningful to listeners and readers.
2 The state of confusion due to misleading information being sent to the brain from various sensory organs, resulting in a lack of awareness of the aircraft position in relation to a specific reference point.
5 The state of confusion due to misleading information being sent to the brain from various sensory organs, resulting in a lack of awareness of the aircraft position in relation to a specific reference point.
1 Measured in feet per minute or feet per second, it represents rate of energy change—the ability of an airplane to climb or accelerate from a given flight condition. Available specific excess power is found by dividing the difference between power ava
4 A procedure approved by the FAA for individual operators, but not published in 14 CFR Part 97 for public use.
2 A flight permit issued to an aircraft that does not meet airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight. A special flight permit can be issued to move an aircraft for the purposes of maintenance or repair, buyer delivery, manufacturer fligh
2 Airspace in which flight activities are subject to restrictions that can create limitations on the mixed use of airspace. Consists of prohibited, restricted, warning, military operations, and alert areas.
5 Airspace in which flight activities are subject to restrictions that can create limitations on the mixed use of airspace. Consists of prohibited, restricted, warning, military operations, and alert areas.
4 A joint FAA and military program designed to improve civilian access to special use airspace by providing information on whether the airspace is active or scheduled to be active. The information is available to authorized users via an Internet website.
2 The amount of fuel in pounds per hour consumed or required by an engine per brake horsepower or per pound of thrust.
1 Number of pounds of fuel consumed in 1 hour to produce 1 HP.
1 The distance traveled in a given time.
2 The distance traveled in a given time.
12 Optimum speed through the (sinking or rising) air mass to achieve either the furthest glide or fastest average cross-country speed depending on the objectives during a flight.
1 A control system that extends from the airplane structure into the airstream to produce drag and slow the airplane.
1 A condition in the region of reverse command where a disturbance that causes the airspeed to decrease causes total drag to increase, which in turn, causes the airspeed to decrease further.
1 The ability to sense instantly and react to any reasonable variation of airspeed.
1 An aggravated stall that results in what is termed an “autorotation” wherein the airplane follows a downward corkscrew path. As the airplane rotates around the vertical axis, the rising wing is less stalled than the descending wing creating a rolling
2 An aggravated stall that results in an airplane descending in a helical, or corkscrew path.
12 An aggravated stall that results in the glider descending in a helical, or corkscrew, path.
1 A condition that exists when the static directional stability of the airplane is very strong as compared to the effect of its dihedral in maintaining lateral equilibrium.
2 A condition that exists when the static directional stability of the airplane is very strong as compared to the effect of its dihedral in maintaining lateral equilibrium.
1 The slipstream of a propeller-driven airplane rotates around the airplane. This slipstream strikes the left side of the vertical fin, causing the airplane to yaw slightly. Vertical stabilizer offset is sometimes used by aircraft designers to countera
2 The slipstream of a propeller-driven airplane rotates around the airplane. This slipstream strikes the left side of the vertical fin, causing the aircraft to yaw slightly. Rudder offset is sometimes used by aircraft designers to counteract this tende
1 See free power turbine engine.
1 High-drag devices that can be raised into the air flowing over an airfoil, reducing lift and increasing drag. Spoilers are used for roll control on some aircraft. Deploying spoilers on both wings at the same time allows the aircraft to descend withou
2 High-drag devices that can be raised into the air flowing over an airfoil, reducing lift and increasing drag. Spoilers are used for roll control on some aircraft. Deploying spoilers on both wings at the same time allows the aircraft to descend withou
12 Devices on the tops of wings to disturb (spoil) part of the airflow over the wing. The resulting decrease in lift creates a higher sink rate and allows for a steeper approach.
1 A shaft in a turbine engine which drives one or more compressors with the power derived from one or more turbines.
12 A line of thunderstorms often located along or ahead of a vigorous cold front. Squall lines may contain severe thunderstorms. The term is also used to describe a line of heavy precipitation with an abrupt wind shift but no thunderstorms, as sometimes occurs in association with fronts.
2 See single-pilot resource management.
5 See single-pilot resource management.
2 See secondary surveillance radar.
5 See secondary surveillance radar.
2 See standard service volume.
5 See standard service volume.
1 A single-piece horizontal tail surface on an airplane that pivots around a central hinge point. A stabilator serves the purposes of both the horizontal stabilizer and the elevator.
2 A single-piece horizontal tail surface on an airplane that pivots around a central hinge point. A stabilator serves the purposes of both the horizontal stabilizer and the elevators.
12 A one-piece horizontal stabilizer used in lieu of an elevator.
1 The inherent quality of an airplane to correct for conditions that may disturb its equilibrium, and to return or to continue on the original flightpath. It is primarily an airplane design characteristic.
2 The inherent quality of an airplane to correct for conditions that may disturb its equilibrium, and to return or to continue on the original flight path. It is primarily an airplane design characteristic.
12 The glider’s ability to maintain a uniform flight condition and return to that condition after being disturbed.
1 A landing approach in which the pilot establishes and maintains a constant angle glidepath towards a predetermined point on the landing runway. It is based on the pilot’s judgment of certain visual cues, and depends on the maintenance of a constant f
2 A type of hypoxia that results when the oxygen-rich blood in the lungs is not moving to the tissues that need it.
1 A rapid decrease in lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wing’s surface brought on by exceeding the critical angle of attack. A stall can occur at any pitch attitude or airspeed.
2 A rapid decrease in lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wing’s surface, brought on by exceeding the critical angle of attack. A stall can occur at any pitch attitude or airspeed.
12 Condition that occurs when the critical angle of attack is reached and exceeded. Airflow begins to separate from the top of the wing, leading to a loss of lift. A stall can occur at any pitch attitude or airspeed.
1 A spoiler attached to the inboard leading edge of some wings to cause the center section of the wing to stall before the tips. This assures lateral control throughout the stall.
1 At sea level, the standard atmosphere consists of a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury ("Hg) or 1013.2 millibars, and a temperature of 15 °C (59 °F). Pressure and temperature normally decrease as altitude increases. The standard lapse rat
2 At sea level, the standard atmosphere consists of a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury ("Hg) or 1013.2 millibars, and a temperature of 15 °C (59 °F). Pressure and temperature normally decrease as altitude increases. The standard lapse rat
12 A theoretical vertical distribution of pressure, temperature and density agreed upon by international convention. It is the standard used, for instance, for aircraft performance calculations. At sea level, the standard atmosphere consists of a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury ("Hg) or 1013.2 millibars, and a temperature of 15 °C (59 °F). Pressure and temperature normally decrease as altitude increases. The standard lapse rate in the lower atmosphere for each 1,000 feet of altitude
1 See standard atmosphere.
1 This weight consists of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the airplane; including fixed ballast, hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel, and full engine oil.
2 This weight consists of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the airplane including fixed ballast, hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel, and full engine oil.
2 A holding pattern in which all turns are made to the right.
5 A holding pattern in which all turns are made to the right.
2 Published procedures to expedite clearance delivery and to facilitate transition between takeoff and en route operations.
5 Published procedures to expedite clearance delivery and to facilitate transition between takeoff and en route operations.
2 A turn in which an aircraft changes its direction at a rate of 3° per second (360° in 2 minutes) for low- or medium-speed aircraft. For high-speed aircraft, the standard rate turn is 11⁄2° per second (360° in 4 minutes).
5 A turn in which an aircraft changes its direction at a rate of 3° per second. The turn indicators are typically 2 minute or 4 minute instruments. In a 2 minute instrument, if the needle is one needle width either side of the center alignment mark, the turn is 3° per second and the turn takes 2 minutes to execute a 360° turn. In a 4 minute instrument, the same turn takes two widths deflection of the needle to achieve 3° per second. The 4 minute turn instrument is usually found on high performance
1 A turn at the rate of 3o per second which enables the airplane to complete a 360o turn in 2 minutes.
2 Defines the limits of the volume of airspace which the VOR serves.
4 Most air navigation radio aids that provide positive course guidance have a designated standard service volume (SSV). The SSV defines the reception limits of unrestricted NAVAIDS that are usable for random/unpublished route navigation. Standard service volume limitations do not apply to published IFR routes or procedures. See the AIM (Chapter 1) for the SSV for specific NAVAID types.
5 Defines the limits of the volume of airspace which the VOR serves.
2 A preplanned IFR A TC arrival procedure published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form.
4 Provides a common method for departing the en route structure and navigating to your destination. A STAR is a preplanned instrument flight rule ATC arrival procedure published for pilot use in graphic and textual form to simplify clearance delivery procedures. STARs provide you with a transition from the en route structure to an outer fix or an instrument approach fix or arrival waypoint in the terminal area. STARs usually terminate with an instrument or visual approach procedure, but may also t
5 A preplanned IFR A TC arrival procedure published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form.
1 These have been established for numerous items involved in weight and balance computations. These weights should not be used if actual weights are available.
2 Weights established for numerous items involved in weight and balance computations. These weights should not be used if actual weights are available.
2 See standard terminal arrival route.
5 See standard terminal arrival route.
4 A published segment used to connect one or more en route airways, jet routes, or RNAV routes to the basic STAR procedure. It is one of several routes that bring traffic from different directions into one STAR. STARs are published for airports with procedures authorized by the FAA, and these STARs are included at the front of each Terminal Procedures Publication regional booklet.
4 The beginning of the takeoff runway available.
1 A combined unit used on turbine engines. The device acts as a starter for rotating the engine, and after running, internal circuits are shifted to convert the device into a generator.
4 The angular difference between true north and the zero radial of a VOR at the time the VOR was last site-checked.
1 The initial tendency an aircraft displays when disturbed from a state of equilibrium.
12 The initial tendency to return to a state of equilibrium when disturbed from that state.
2 The aerodynamic pitching moments required to return the aircraft to the equilibrium angle of attack.
5 The aerodynamic pitching moments required to return the aircraft to the equilibrium angle of attack.
2 Pressure of air that is still or not moving, measured perpendicular to the surface of the aircraft.
5 Pressure of air that is still, or not moving, measured perpendicular to the surface of the aircraft.
2 The initial tendency an aircraft displays when disturbed from a state of equilibrium.
1 A location in the airplane that is identified by a number designating its distance in inches from the datum. The datum is, therefore, identified as station zero. An item located at station +50 would have an arm of 50 inches.
2 A location in the airplane that is identified by a number designating its distance in inches from the datum. The datum is, therefore, identified as station zero. An item located at station +50 would have an arm of 50 inches.
2 A front that is moving at a speed of less than 5 knots.
2 In instrument flight, any turn greater than standard rate; in visual flight, anything greater than a 45° bank.
5 In instrument flight, any turn greater than standard rate; in visual flight, anything greater than a 45° bank.
7 The part of a multiple choice test item consisting of the question, statement, or problem.
2 The point after which additional descent is permitted within a segment of an IAP.
5 The point after which additional descent is permitted within a segment of an IAP.
1 A device that applies aft pressure on the control column when the airplane is approaching the maximum operating speed.
1 A device that applies an abrupt and large forward force on the control column when the airplane is nearing an angle of attack where a stall could occur.
1 An artificial stall warning device that vibrates the control column.
2 An INS in which the accelerometers and gyros are permanently “strapped down” or aligned with the three axes of the aircraft.
5 An INS in which the accelerometers and gyros are permanently “strapped down” or aligned with the three axes of the aircraft.
2 A layer of the atmosphere above the tropopause extending to a height of approximately 160,000 feet.
2 The body’s response to demands placed upon it.
5 The body’s response to demands placed upon it.
2 The personal analysis of the kinds of stress experienced while flying, the application of appropriate stress assessment tools, and other coping mechanisms.
7 The personal analysis of the kinds of stress experienced while flying, the application of appropriate stress assessment tools, and other coping mechanisms.
1 A scratch, groove, rivet hole, forging defect, or other structural discontinuity that causes a concentration of stress.
2 The accumulation of ice on the exterior of the aircraft.
5 The accumulation of ice on the exterior of the aircraft.
2 Process by which a solid is changed to a gas without going through the liquid state.
1 Speed below the speed of sound.
2 A relief valve in an instrument vacuum system required to maintain the correct low pressure inside the instrument case for the proper operation of the gyros.
5 A relief valve in an instrument vacuum system required to maintain the correct low pressure inside the instrument case for the proper operation of the gyros.
12 A large, powerful type of thunderstorm that forms in very unstable environments with vertical and horizontal wind shear. These are almost always associated with severe weather, strong surface winds, large hail, and/or tornadoes.
1 An engine- or exhaust-driven air compressor used to provide additional pressure to the induction air so the engine can produce additional power.
2 An engine- or exhaust-driven air compressor used to provide additional pressure to the induction air so the engine can produce additional power.
2 Water droplets that have been cooled below the freezing point, but are still in a liquid state.
1 Speed above the speed of sound.
7 Question in which the learner supplies answers as opposed to selecting from choices provided. Essay or fill-in- the-blank-type questions are examples of supply-type test items.
1 A certificate authorizing an alteration to an airframe, engine, or component that has been granted an approved type certificate.
2 A report that depicts an analysis of the current surface weather. Shows the areas of high and low pressure, fronts, temperatures, dewpoints, wind directions and speeds, local weather, and visual obstructions.
4 An event during which authorized or unauthorized/unapproved movement occurs in the movement area or an occurrence in the movement area associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety of flight.
4 Facilitates the safe movement of aircraft and vehicles at airports where scheduled air carriers are conducting authorized operations. The SMGCS low visibility taxi plan includes the improvement of taxiway and runway signs, markings, and lighting, as well as the creation of SMGCS low visibility taxi route charts.
1 A wing planform in which the tips of the wing are farther back than the wing root.
7 In communication, simple oral and visual codes such as words, gestures, and facial expressions which are formed into sentences, paragraphs, lectures, or chapters to compose and transmit a message that means something to the receiver of the information.
2 A device used to transmit indications of angular movement or position from one location to another.
5 A device used to transmit indications of angular movement or position from one location to another.
2 A realistic display depiction of the aircraft in relation to terrain and flight path.
4 An electronic means to display a synthetic vision image of the external scene topography to the flight crew.
5 A realistic display depiction of the aircraft in relation to terrain and flight path.