2 See maximum authorized altitude.
5 See maximum authorized altitude.
2 See mean aerodynamic chord.
1 Airflow separation behind a shock-wave pressure barrier caused by airflow over flight surfaces exceeding the speed of sound.
2 The ratio of the true airspeed of the aircraft to the speed of sound in the same atmospheric conditions, named in honor of Ernst Mach, late 19th century physicist.
2 The instrument that displays the ratio of the speed of sound to the true airspeed an aircraft is flying.
5 The instrument that displays the ratio of the speed of sound to the true airspeed an aircraft is flying.
5 The ratio of the true airspeed of the aircraft to the speed of sound in the same atmospheric conditions, named in honor of Ernst Mach, late 19th century physicist.
1 A device to alert the pilot of inadvertent excursions beyond its certified maximum operating speed.
1 The Mach speed at which some portion of the airflow over the wing first equals Mach 1.0. This is also the speed at which a shock wave first appears on the airplane.
1 A condition that can occur when operating a swept-wing airplane in the transonic speed range. A shock wave could form in the root portion of the wing and cause the air behind it to separate. This shock-induced separation causes the center of pressure
1 Speed relative to the speed of sound. Mach 1 is the speed of sound.
2 The direction to or from a radio transmitting station measured relative to magnetic north.
5 The direction to or from a radio transmitting station measured relative to magnetic north.
1 A device for determining direction measured from magnetic north.
2 A device for determining direction measured from magnetic north.
2 A vertical attraction between a compass needle and the magnetic poles. The closer the aircraft is to a pole, the more severe the effect.
2 The direction an aircraft is pointed with respect to magnetic north.
5 The direction an aircraft is pointed with respect to magnetic north.
4 The difference in degrees between the measured values of true north and magnetic north at that location.
2 A self-contained, engine-driven unit that supplies electrical current to the spark plugs; completely independent of the airplane’s electrical system. Normally there are two magnetos per engine.
2 Lifting force produced when a rotating cylinder produces a pressure differential. This is the same effect that makes a baseball curve or a golf ball slice.
1 The wheels of an aircraft’s landing gear that supports the major part of the aircraft’s weight.
2 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with the altitude value both underscored and overscored. Aircraft are required to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
5 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with the altitude value both underscored and overscored. Aircraft are required to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
4 An MAA is a published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment. It is the highest altitude on a Federal airway, jet route, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route for which an MEA is designated at which adequate reception of navigation signals is assured.
2 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with two underscored and overscored altitude values between which aircraft are required to maintain altitude.
5 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with two underscored and overscored altitude values between which aircraft are required to maintain altitude.
1 Ability of an aircraft to change directions along a flightpath and withstand the stresses imposed upon it.
2 Ability of an aircraft to change directions along a flight path and withstand the stresses imposed upon it.
1 The maximum speed where full, abrupt control movement can be used without overstressing the airframe.
2 The design maneuvering speed. Operating at or below design maneuvering speed does not provide structural protection against multiple full control inputs in one axis or full control inputs in more than one axis at the same time.
2 The absolute pressure of the fuel/air mixture within the intake manifold, usually indicated in inches of mercury.
1 The absolute pressure of the fuel/ air mixture within the intake manifold, usually indicated in inches of mercury.
2 See missed approach point.
5 See missed approach point.
2 The top and bottom areas on an instrument approach chart that depict information about the procedure, including airport location and procedure identification.
5 The top and bottom areas on an instrument approach chart that depict information about the procedure, including airport location and procedure identification.
2 A low-powered transmitter that directs its signal upward in a small, fan-shaped pattern. Used along the flight path when approaching an airport for landing, marker beacons indicate both aurally and visually when the aircraft is directly over the faci
5 A low-powered transmitter that directs its signal upward in a small, fan-shaped pattern. Used along the flight path when approaching an airport for landing, marker beacons indicate both aurally and visually when the aircraft is directly over the facility.
2 The amount of matter in a body.
7 A test item in which the learner is asked to match alternatives on one list to related alternatives on a second list. The lists may include words, terms, illustrations, phrases, or sentences.
1 The maximum power an engine is allowed to develop for a limited period of time; usually about one minute.
2 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with overscored altitude value at which or below aircraft are required to maintain altitude.
5 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with overscored altitude value at which or below aircraft are required to maintain altitude.
2 A published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment.
5 A published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment.
1 The greatest weight that an airplane normally is allowed to have at landing.
2 The greatest weight that an airplane normally is allowed to have at landing.
1 The total weight of a loaded aircraft, including all fuel. It is greater than the takeoff weight due to the fuel that will be burned during the taxi and run-up operations. Ramp weight may also be referred to as taxi weight.
2 The total weight of a loaded aircraft, including all fuel. It is greater than the takeoff weight due to the fuel that will be burned during the taxi and runup operations. Ramp weight may also be referred to as taxi weight.
1 The maximum allowable weight for takeoff.
2 The maximum allowable weight for takeoff.
1 The maximum authorized weight of the aircraft and all of its equipment as specified in the Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) for the aircraft.
2 The maximum authorized weight of the aircraft and all of its equipment as specified in the Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) for the aircraft.
1 The maximum weight, exclusive of usable fuel.
2 The maximum weight, exclusive of usable fuel.
2 See magnetic bearing.
5 See magnetic bearing.
2 See minimum crossing altitude.
5 See minimum crossing altitude.
2 See minimum descent altitude.
5 See minimum descent altitude.
2 See minimum en route altitude.
5 See minimum en route altitude.
2 The average distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing.
2 The average height of the surface of the sea at a particular location for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period.
5 The average height of the surface of the sea at a particular location for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period.
2 See minimum equipment list.
7 The ability of people and other organisms to encode (initial perception and registration of information), store (retention of encoded information over time), and retrieve (processes involved in using stored information) information.
2 Lines of longitude.
2 A layer of the atmosphere directly above the stratosphere.
4 A fix along an established route over which aircraft are metered prior to entering terminal airspace. Normally, this fix should be established at a distance from the airport which facilitates a profile descent 10,000 feet above airport elevation (AAE) or above.
12 A large cluster of thunderstorms with horizontal dimensions on the order of 100 miles. MCSs are sometimes organized in a long line of thunderstorms (e.g., a squall line) or as a random grouping of thunderstorms. Individual thunderstorms within the MCS may be severe.
2 See Aviation Routine Weather Report.
2 See multi-function display.
5 See multi-function display.
2 See magnetic heading.
5 See magnetic heading.
2 Megahertz.
5 Megahertz.
2 A strong downdraft which normally occurs over horizontal distances of 1 NM or less and vertical distances of less than 1,000 feet. In spite of its small horizontal scale, an intense microburst could induce windspeeds greater than 100 knots and downdr
12 A small-sized downburst of 2.2 nautical mile or less horizontal dimension.
2 A precision instrument approach system operating in the microwave spectrum which normally consists of an azimuth station, elevation station, and precision distance measuring equipment.
5 A precision instrument approach system operating in the microwave spectrum which normally consists of an azimuth station, elevation station, and precision distance measuring equipment.
4 The RVR readout values obtained from sensors located midfield of the runway.
4 A point on a route where the leg segment mileage ends, and a new leg segment mileage begins, often at a route turning point.
2 A fix indicating a course change that appears on the chart as an “x” at a break between two segments of a federal airway.
5 A fix indicating a course change that appears on the chart as an “x” at a break between two segments of a federal airway.
4 A Department of Defense system to collect and disseminate information on the current status of special use airspace. This information is provided to the Special Use Airspace Management System (SAMS). The electronic interface also provides SUA schedules and historical activation and utilization data.
2 Airspace established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic.
5 Airspace established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic.
2 Airspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established for the conduct of military training at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots indicated airspeed (KIAS).
5 Airspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established for the conduct of military training at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots indicated airspeed (KIAS).
2 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with the altitude value underscored. Aircraft are required to maintain altitude at or above the depicted value.
5 An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with the altitude value underscored. Aircraft are required to maintain altitude at or above the depicted value.
1 An airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in an immediate stall.
2 The lowest allowed altitude at certain fixes an aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route altitude (MEA).
4 An MCA is the lowest altitude at certain fixes at which the aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route IFR altitude. MCAs are established in all cases where obstacles intervene to prevent pilots from maintaining obstacle clearance during a normal climb to a higher MEA after passing a point beyond which the higher MEA applies.
5 The lowest allowed altitude at certain fixes an aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route altitude (MEA).
2 The lowest altitude (in feet MSL) to which descent is authorized on final approach, or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a nonprecision approach.
4 The lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure where no electronic glide slope is provided.
5 The lowest altitude (in feet MSL) to which descent is authorized on final approach, or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a nonprecision approach.
2 The point on the total drag curve where the lift-to-drag ratio is the greatest. At this speed, total drag is minimized.
1 The point on the total drag curve where the lift-to-drag ratio is the greatest. At this speed, total drag is minimized.
2 The lowest published altitude between radio fixes that ensures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes.
4 The MEA is the lowest published altitude between radio fixes that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes. The MEA prescribed for a Federal Airway or segment, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route.
5 The lowest published altitude between radio fixes that ensures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes.
2 A list developed for larger aircraft that outlines equipment that can be inoperative for various types of flight including IFR and icing conditions. This list is based on the master minimum equipment list (MMEL) developed by the FAA and must be appro
4 Minimum altitudes for IFR operations are prescribed in 14 CFR Part 91. These MIAs are published on IFR charts and prescribed in 14 CFR Part 95 for airways and routes, and in 14 CFR Part 97 for standard instrument approach procedures.
4 A set of standards that require aircraft to have a minimum navigation performance capability in order to operate in MNPS designated airspace. In addition, aircraft must be certified by their State of Registry for MNPS operation. Under certain conditions, non-MNPS aircraft can operate in MNPS airspace, however, standard oceanic separation minima is provided between the non-MNPS aircraft and other traffic.
2 The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments, which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which ensures acceptable navigational signal coverage only
4 The MOCA is the lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments that meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment. This altitude also assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22 NM of a VOR.
5 The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments, which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which ensures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 25 statute (22 nautical) miles of a VOR.
2 The lowest altitude at which an airway intersection can be determined.
4 An MRA is determined by FAA flight inspection traversing an entire route of flight to establish the minimum altitude the navigation signal can be received for the route and for off-course NAVAID facilities that determine a fix. When the MRA at the fix is higher than the MEA, an MRA is established for the fix, and is the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined.
5 The lowest altitude at which an airway intersection can be determined.
2 The minimum altitude depicted on approach charts which provides at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance for emergency use within a specified distance from the listed navigation facility.
4 MSAs are published for emergency use on IAP charts. For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is normally based on the primary omnidirectional facility on which the IAP is predicated. For RNAV approaches, the MSA is based on the runway waypoint (RWY WP) for straight-in approaches, or the airport waypoint (APT WP) for circling approaches. For GPS approaches, the MSA center is the Missed Approach Waypoint (MAWP).
5 The minimum altitude depicted on approach charts which provides at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance for emergency use within a specified distance from the listed navigation facility.
12 Airspeed, as determined by the performance polar, at which the glider achieves the lowest sink rate. That is, the glider loses the least amount of altitude per unit of time at minimum sink airspeed.
2 An IFR altitude lower than the minimum en route altitude (MEA) that provides terrain and obstacle clearance.
4 Minimum vectoring altitude charts are developed for areas where there are numerous minimum vectoring altitudes due to variable terrain features or man-made obstacles. MVAs are established for use by ATC when radar ATC is exercised.
5 An IFR altitude lower than the minimum en route altitude (MEA) that provides terrain and obstacle clearance.
2 The area on an IAP chart that displays the lowest altitude and visibility requirements for the approach.
5 The area on an IAP chart that displays the lowest altitude and visibility requirements for the approach.
2 A maneuver conducted by a pilot when an instrument approach cannot be completed to a landing.
5 A maneuver conducted by a pilot when an instrument approach cannot be completed to a landing.
4 An approach waypoint sequenced during the holding portion of the missed approach procedure that is a fly-over waypoint.
2 A point prescribed in each instrument approach at which a missed approach procedure shall be executed if the required visual reference has not been established.
5 A point prescribed in each instrument approach at which a missed approach procedure shall be executed if the required visual reference has not been established.
4 An approach waypoint sequenced during the missed approach procedure that is a fly-over waypoint.
2 A mixture of clear ice and rime ice.
5 A mixture of clear ice and rime ice.
12 The ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air.
1 The ratio of fuel to air entering the engine’s cylinders.
2 See microwave landing system.
5 See microwave landing system.
2 Middle marker.
5 Middle marker.
1 Maximum operating speed expressed in terms of a decimal of Mach speed.
2 See military operations area.
5 See military operations area.
2 See minimum obstruction clearance altitude.
5 See minimum obstruction clearance altitude.
7 A three-dimensional working model used in which the actual object is either unavailable or too expensive to use. Mock-ups may emphasize some elements while eliminating nonessential elements.
2 Altitude reporting transponder mode.
5 Altitude reporting transponder mode.
7 A copy of a real object which can be life-size, smaller, or larger than the original.
1 The distance from a datum to the applied force.
2 The distance from a datum to the applied force.
1 A moment divided by a constant such as 100, 1,000, or 10,000. The purpose of using a moment index is to simplify weight and balance computations of airplanes where heavy items and long arms result in large, unmanageable numbers.
2 A moment divided by a constant such as 100, 1,000, or 10,000. The purpose of using a moment index is to simplify weight and balance computations of airplanes where heavy items and long arms result in large, unmanageable numbers.
2 A shell-like fuselage design in which the stressed outer skin is used to support the majority of imposed stresses. Monocoque fuselage design may include bulkheads but not stringers.
2 Airplanes with a single set of wings.
7 A need or desire that causes a person to act. Motivation can be positive or negative, tangible or intangible, subtle or obvious.
1 A movable auxiliary airfoil on the leading edge of a wing. It is closed in normal flight but extends at high angles of attack. This allows air to continue flowing over the top of the wing and delays airflow separation.
2 A movable auxiliary airfoil on the leading edge of a wing. It is closed in normal flight but extends at high angles of attack. This allows air to continue flowing over the top of the wing and delays airflow separation.
2 See minimum reception altitude.
5 See minimum reception altitude.
2 See minimum safe altitude.
5 See minimum safe altitude.
2 See mean sea level.
5 See mean sea level.
2 See military training route.
5 See military training route.
12 A group or cluster of individual thunderstorm cells with varying stages of development. These storms are often self propagating and may last for several hours.
2 Small screen (CRT or LCD) in an aircraft that can be used to display information to the pilot in numerous configurable ways. Often an MFD will be used in concert with a primary flight display. MVA. See minimum vectoring altitude.
5 Small screen (CRT or LCD) in an aircraft that can be used to display information to the pilot in numerous configurable ways. Often an MFD will be used in concert with a Primary Flight Display.
7 A combination of more than one instructional medium. This format can include audio, text, graphics, animations, and video. Recently, multimedia implies a computer-based presentation.
7 A test item consisting of a question or statement followed by a list of alternative answers or responses.
1 A flight condition caused by slow speed where the control surfaces are marginally effective.
5 See minimum vectoring altitude.